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Citations

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

  • Used in behavioral and social sciences disciplines, including business and economics.
  • Requires that you cite your sources using both in-text citations and reference-list citations. 
  • Reference list citations present four pieces of data, in this order: 1) Author, 2) Publication date, 3) Title, and 4) How/where to access.
    Author/Analyst surname, initial. (Date). Title of Document. Title of Resource. Retrieval information. 

Tip

anteater tips iconBusiness and economic resources (especially commercial databases) may lack stable URLs that you can use in a citation. 

  • Look for a permalink icon, similar to this:  Permalink icon showing two segments of chain linked together.
  • No permalink icon?  Examine the URL: 
    • Does it appear to have a name and/or number that's unique to a specific piece of content? 
    • Does the URL work if you try it in a different browser or in a browser in private/incognito mode?
       
  • If the URL doesn't seem stable, then use the URL provided by the UCI Libraries (see the Euromonitor International example below).

Examples

APA Citation Examples
Source Type Example Citation(s)
Industry / Market Research Reports

Known Author or Analyst:

Le, T. (2020, May). Gym, health & fitness clubs in the US. IBISWorld. https://my.ibisworld.com/us/en/industry/71394

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Le, 2020)
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: Thi Le (2020), writing for the market research firm IBISWorld, predicts that...


Ortega, M. (2022). Pet supplies - US. Mintel. https://reports.mintel.com/display/1102889

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Ortega, 2022)
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: Ortega (2022), writing for the market research firm Mintel, predicts that...

Unknown Author:

Euromonitor International. (2020, March). Retailing in New Zealand. Passport. http://www.lib.uci.edu/online/euromonitor/

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Euromonitor International, 2020)
  • Tip: For twin citations, such as two Euromonitor reports, put a lowercase letter after the year to tell them apart: (Euromonitor International, 2020a)
     
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: The market research firm Euromonitor International (2020b), estimates online retailing will...
Company Profiles

Standard & Poor's. (n.d.). Netflix, Inc. [Company profile]. Capital IQ. https://www.capitaliq.com/CIQDotNet/company.aspx?companyId=32012

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Standard & Poor's, n.d.)
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: In the Netflix, Inc. company profile, Standard & Poor's (n.d.) reports...


PitchBook Data. (n.d.). Airbnb [Company profile]. https://my.pitchbook.com/profile/51261-67/company/profile

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (PitchBook Data, n.d.)
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: In the Airbnb company profile, PitchBook Data (n.d.) reports...
List of Companies

Since this source would have no official title, put in [square brackets] a narrative description of the criteria that's included in the list.  

PitchBook Data. (n.d.). [List of VC-backed biotechnology companies in California with a minimum revenue of $10 million, as of 9/30/2023]. https://my.pitchbook.com

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (PitchBook Data, n.d.)
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: According to PitchBook Data (n.d.), 19 companies...
News Article

Ansberry, C. (2020, August 31). An Alzheimer’s quest: Enrolling more black people in clinical trials. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-alzheimers-quest-enrolling-more-black-people-in-clinical-trials-11598891561

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Ansberry, 2020)
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: In the Wall Street Journal, Clare Ansberry (2020) reported on how...
Journal Article

Galloway, M. K., Callin, P., James, S., Vimegnon, H., & McCall, L. (2019). Culturally responsive, antiracist, or anti-oppressive? How language matters for school change efforts. Equity & Excellence in Education, 52(4), 485–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2019.1691959

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Galloway et al., 2019)
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: Galloway et al. (2019) suggests that...
Book

Kendi, I.X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. Random House Publishing Group.

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Kendi, 2019).
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: In the introduction of his book, Kendi (2019) explains...
Podcast

Thomas, T. (2019, September 23). The short stacks 22: Ibram X. Kendi//How to be an antiracist [Audio podcast]. The Stacks. https://thestackspodcast.com/2019/09/22/ss22/

  • In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Thomas, 2019).
  • In-Text Narrative Citation: On an episode of her podcast from September 2019, Thomas discusses the book How to be an Antiracist with author and historian Ibbram X. Kendi, who says...


There's a guide for that! 

For more detailed information about Bibliographic Management Software and a more detailed comparison different BMS options,
visit our Bibliographic Management Software Guide. 

  Zotero Mendeley EndNote Basic
URL zotero.org mendeley.com https://access.clarivate.com/login?app=endnote
Cost Free (open source) - up to 300 MB of cloud storage. Storage can be upgraded for a monthly fee Free - up to 2 GB of cloud storage. Storage can be upgraded for a monthly fee Free - up to 50,000 references. Storage can be upgraded if full version of EndNote is purchased.
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