Citations are for transparency and access. Academic papers are conversations between multiple authors and responsible scholarship dictates that we properly credit scholars with their work when it is mentioned.
In addition to proving that you've done your due diligence as an academic, citations let readers know what you've read and where they can access a source you've used.
Failure to properly cite sources is considered plagiarism, whether intentional or not.
Plagiarism is:
If you are quoting or paraphrasing information, reusing an image, restating information presented in a table, or if you otherwise did not think of the information you are using, a source should be cited. Citations give authors/creators/researchers credit for their work.
Learn more: UC Irvine Libraries' Citation Styles and Tools Research Guide
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) citation style is commonly used in electronics, computer engineering, computer science, and other areas of engineering. IEEE citation style uses bracketed numbers in in-text citations to refer to the full reference at the end of the paper, as described in the IEEE Reference Guide.
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The IEEE Reference Guide outlines five core elements to a citation. The core elements are arranged in a specific format.
[#] First name initial and author surname. Title of Source, in Title of Container, xth ed. City of Publisher (only U.S. State), Country: Abbreviation of Publisher, Publication year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
[1] E. A. Etukudoh, et al, “Electrical engineering in renewable energy systems: a review of design and integration challenges,” Engineering Science & Technology Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 231-244, January, 2024.
In-Text Citation: [1]
[2] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. [Online]. Available: Factiva, http://global.factiva.com.2
In-Text Citation: [2]
[3] F. J. Hopcraft, A. Charest, “Effective Presentation of the Data to Others,” in Experiment design for civil engineering: methods and examples, 1st ed. Boca Raton, LA., CRC Press, 2023, ch. 7, pp. 57-65.
In-Text Citation: [3]
[4] L. Jin; et al, “Performance prediction of single-longitudinal-mode operation in Pr:YLF laser under pre-lase technology,” in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Beijing, 2020, pp. 115620I-115620I-6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2576221.
In-Text Citation: [4]
[5] R. A. Bush, J. L. Dickeson, W. E. Hamilton, “An Overview of NHRC Medical Engineering Process” Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA, ADA462166, 71 Oct 2002-1 Jul 2005.
In-Text Citation: [5]
[6] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Pocket Statistics. Washington, DC: Office of Headquarters Operations, 2007.
In-Text Citation: [6]
APA Style, created by the American Psychological Association, is primarily used in behavioral and social sciences. Currently, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2019) is in its 7th edition. The style rules are subject to change with every new edition, so always make sure you are working with the most up-to-date version.
APA Style requires that you cite your sources using both in-text citations and reference-list citations.
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APA Style reference list citations are all based on four pieces of data, presented in this order: author, date of publication, title, and how/where to access.
Author surname, initial. (Date). Title of Resource. Retrieval information.
Galloway, M. K., Callin, P., James, S., Vimegnon, H., & McCall, L. (2019). Culturally responsive, antiracist, or anti-oppressive? How language matters for school change efforts. Equity & Excellence in Education, 52(4), 485–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2019.1691959
In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Galloway et al., 2019)
In-Text Narrative Citation: Galloway et al. (2019) suggests...
Kendi, I.X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. Random House.
In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Kendi, 2019).
In-Text Narrative Citation: In the introduction of his book, Kendi (2019) asserts...
Ezekial, S. (Lecturer). (2012, March 21). MIT understanding laser and fiberoptics: Fiberoptics fundamentals [Video]. YouTube. https://youtube.com/watch?v=0DCrIAxEv_Y
In-Text Parenthetical Citation: (Ezekial, 2012).
In-Text Narrative Citation: According to Ezekial (2012)...
Citation management software (also known as bibliographic management software or BMS) allows user to build, organize, and manage citations.
What does citation management software do?
Learn More: UCI Libraries Citation Styles & Tools Guide: Citation Management Software
| Zotero | Mendeley | EndNote Basic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cost | Free (open source) - up to 300 MB of cloud storage. Storage can be upgraded for a monthly fee. | Free - up to 2 GB of cloud storage. Storage can be upgraded for a monthly fee. | Free - up to 50,000 references. Storage can be upgraded if full version of EndNote is purchased. |
| Platform |
Desktop software (Linux, Mac, and Windows) Browser extensions for Chrome, Firefox, and Safari |
Desktop software (Linux, Mac, and Windows) Browser extensions for Chrome and Firefox |
Web browser only |
| Training Resources | Help Guides | Training Resources & Online Videos |
Want to practice your pitch? Be pitch perfect with the help of the MRC’s Presentation Studio!
The Presentation Studio in the Multimedia Resource Center (MRC) at the Science Library is available to UCI students, faculty, and staff and features equipment including:
Need to record a pitch video? It's easy with the MRC’s One Button Studio!
The One Button Studio in the Multimedia Resource Center (MRC) at the Science Library is available to UCI students, faculty, and staff and features a simplified video recording system that requires no technical knowledge or previous video production experience.
Here's how it works: